RACE AND ETHNICITY

INTRODUCTION TO ARTICLE



The traditional distinction between race and ethnicity is considered highly problematic. In the literature, ethnicity is frequency assumed to be the cultural identity of a group within a nation state while race is assumed to be the biological or cultural essentialization of a group based on a hierarchy of superiority and inferiority rated to the biological constitution of their bodies. It is posited that, depending on the context of power relations involved, there are “racialized ethnicities” and “ethnicized races”. The racialization of Puerto Rican identity in New York City is an example of the former and the use of racial categories such as ‘black’ as an ethnic identity is an example of the latter. By using the notion of coloniality of power, this article attempts to justify the use of the notion ‘ethnic identity’ rather than using these concepts as separate or autonomous categories.

RACE

The critical philosophy of race consists in the philosophical examination of issues raised by the concept of race, the practices and mechanisms of racialization, and the persistence of various forms of racism across the world. Critical philosophy of race is a critical enterprise in three respects: it opposes racism in all its forms; it rejects the pseudosciences of old-fashioned biological racialism; and it denies that anti-racism and anti-racialism summarily eliminate race as a meaningful category of analysis. Critical philosophy of race is a philosophical enterprise because of its engagement with traditional philosophical questions and in its readiness to engage critically some of the traditional answers.

ETHNICITY



People are divided into ethnic groups rather than races, which is a brooder categorization system. This involves categorizing people based on their cultural manifestations and identifications. It is the construction of and maintenance of cultural boundaries. Whilst the boundaries between arenas ordered in terms of different cultural codes are readily crossable at least by those who have acquired the relevant cultural competence then such boundary crossing activities do not necessarily lead to an erosion of the boundary between two arenas.

RACE IN MORAL, POLITICAL AND 

LEGAL

The threads of moral, political and legal philosophy apply to the concept of nation. One thread examines a wide range of conceptual and strategic questions on how to theorize the moral status of the nation and ethnic justice, other threads standardize the assessment of specific policies or institutional models that seek to eliminate racial inequality.Nation-conscious district is the practice of drawing geographically based electoral districts where the majority of voters are black. According to the detailed racial representation, the black population is best suited by black politicians. In recent years, the issue of racism in policing and criminal justice in the United States has gained intense popularity and scholarly attention. However, for practical reasons, the racial profile is reluctantly protected.

CULTURE

Democratic societies are often characterized by extensive pluralism of religions, cultures, ethnicities, and worldviews, on the basis of which citizens make claims against their state. Democratic states are additionally characterized by a commitment to treat all citizens equally, and so they require fair and just ways to wade through and respond to these claims. This entry considers cultural claims in particular.Cultural claims are ubiquitous in political and legal spaces. Not only do individuals and groups both make cultural claims against the state, often for legal or political accommodations, but the state often explains its choices in terms of protecting particular aspects of its culture. This entry will first examine the ways in which “culture” is defined by political and moral philosophers: culture-as-encompassing group, culture-as-social-formation, culture-as-narrative/dialogue, and culture-as-identity. Over the course of this discussion, the “essentialist” challenge will be introduced: an essentialist account of culture is one that treats certain key characteristics of that culture as defining it and correspondingly all of its members must share certain key traits in order to be treated as members (for more, see Phillips 2010). In particular, the entry goes on to note that early conceptions of culture-as-encompassing groups are criticized for being essentialist, and later conceptions are attempts to reformulate culture in ways that avoid the essentialist challenge.



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