Philosophy Of Science

  INTRODUCTION In this article when we consider the tests under the Scientific Inquiry: It is scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence derived by their work. Actually, hypothesis can turn the scientific test in to a logical reasoning process. Hypothesis are propositions that are made from the basis of reasoning. Confirmation & Acceptability are two words that can describe the outcome of the scientific inquiry. This outcome strength is depended on the evidential support of the hypothesis. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Scientific inquiry has two primary functions. Firstly,  it provides a description of how scientific inquiry is  conducted in practice. Secondly, it gives an  explanation of why scientific inquiry is successful in  arriving at genuine knowledge at the end of its  process. Scientific inquiry extends beyond  development of process skills such as observing,  inferring, classifying, predicting, measuring,...

  Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning During the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also used. Often, people confuse deductive reasoning with inductive reasoning, and vice versa. It is important to learn the meaning of each type of reasoning so that proper logic can be identified. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to  California State University . The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the theory were correct. We go from the general — the theory — to the specific — the observations," said D...

  ABSTRACT The question of gender justice In post-industrial liberal-democratic societies, opinions vary dramatically on whether these societies are gender just. Both scholars and the wider public disagree on this question. As Deborah Rhode argues, some claim that unjust inequalities between women and men no longer exist, or that women's liberation has achieved more than enough, and these days it is men who are suffering discrimination. Others disagree, and argue that unjust inequalities to the disadvantage of women remain, despite the post-feminist discourse.Unfortunately, this is not really the case: there are very few systematic studies that provide a satisfying answer to this question. The reason for this is that an adequate answer to this question requires both normative theorising and empirical analysis. INTRODUCTION Here I propose, and defend, a principle of gender justice meant to capture the nature of a very wide range of injustices based on gender. 1 In a nutshell, the pr...

  INTRODUCTION Reasoning and rationality have been the focus of enormous interdisciplinary attention, attracting interest from philosophers and others. These are the three projects in study of reason. Three projects that mention are descriptive, normative and evaluative projects. The descriptive project is typically pursued by psychologists, though anthropologists and computer scientists have also made important contributions - aims to characterize how people actually go about the business of reasoning and to discover the psychological mechanisms and processes that underlie the patterns of reasoning that are observed. The normative project is not concerned with how people actually justify how they should be justified. It is the discovery of rules or principles that define what is right or rational. The evaluation project aims to determine the extent to which human reason complies with appropriate ethical standards . Overconfidence One of the most detailed and most disturbing of the...

INTRODUCTION TO ARTICLE The traditional distinction between race and ethnicity is considered highly problematic. In the literature,  ethnicity is frequency assumed to be the cultural identity of a group within a nation state while race is assumed  to be the biological or cultural essentialization of a group based on a hierarchy of superiority and inferiority  rated to the biological constitution of their bodies. It is posited that, depending on the context of power  relations involved, there are “racialized ethnicities” and “ethnicized races”. The racialization of Puerto Rican  identity in New York City is an example of the former and the use of racial categories such as ‘black’ as an  ethnic identity is an example of the latter. By using the notion of coloniality of power, this article attempts to  justify the use of the notion ‘ethnic identity’ rather than using these concepts as separate or autonomous  c ategories. RACE The critical philosophy ...